Phonetics & Morphology

Phonetics & Morphology

"The Consonants"
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*Consonants:
+Are sounds in which the air stream is modified by the organs of speech.

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1) Fricatives consonants:
+Are sounds in which the air stream is stopped at some point in the mouth then released quickly with friction.
<< ممكن تكتفون بهذا +Are sounds in which the air passes with friction.
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a)labial dental:
+ Are sounds in which the lips contact with the teeth (the upper teeth is touching the lower lip).( f, v)
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b)dental:
the tip of the tongue is touching the upper teeth. (θ, ð)
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c)alveolar:
the tip and the blade of the tongue is very closed the alveolar ridge. (s, z)
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2) Affricates:
<< هذا أشمل + Are sounds in which the air is stopped the air at some points inside the mouth, then released slowly
+Are sounds in which the air passes slowly.
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3) Plosives (stop) consonants:
+Are sounds in which the air stream is stopped at some points in the mouth and then released quickly with plosion .
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a)bilabial:
+The lips are pressed together (p, b).
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b)alveolar:
+Are sounds in which the tip of the tongue is pressed against the alveolar ridge. (t, d)
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c)velar:
+ Are sounds in which the back of the tongue is pressed against the area where the hard palate ends and the soft palate begins.(k, g)
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4)Nasal consonants:
+Are sounds in which the soft palate is lowered :
*To shut off the mouth cavity.
*To prevent the air to go through the mouth (oral) cavity.
*To let the air go through the nasal cavity.
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5)lateral consonants:
+A sounds in which the air passes along the both sides of the tongue or mouth.
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6)Gliding consonants:
+Are sounds in which articulator approach each other but never get sufficiently closed together to produce a complete consonant sound so that we call them semivowel.
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"Vowels"
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*Vowels : are sound in which there is no obstruction (nothing prevent) there as it passes from the larynx to the lips ..
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*THE NATURE OF VOWELS!!
+ all the vowels are oral sounds
+ all the vowels are voiced sounds
+ there is different between the vowels and this different is determined by the shape and the position of the tongue ..
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*TYPES OF VOWELS!!
+ Front, Central, Back
Front Central Back
i beat bird u Foot-boom
I bit up Fall-book
e bait pat o Foal-nate
bet
bat
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*Diphthong : which is a compound vowel made by pronouncing two vowels quickly one after another ..
In all diphthongs the first sound is (loader, stronger ) than the second one ..
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*Intonation: the pitch level of voice.
- The tone of voice.
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*Syllable :
is a group of sounds which made with single puff of air
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*Stress:
the degree of loudness of force that put on a part of a word.
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"Morphology"
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*Morphology:
+ Is the study (form) of language .
+It deals with a meaningful forms that made from individual speech sound .
++ ( It's a branch of science that interested in analysis all the basic elements which are used in a language ).

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*Phone:+The sound in isolation.
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*Phoneme:+The sound as a part of the word.
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*Idiolect:
+ Reveals to the individual differences between (among) the user of the same language ..
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*Syntax:
+It deals with the different ways in which words are arranged to from a complete and correct sentence .. (How to make a sentence)
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"Morpheme"
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*Morpheme:
+It is a minimal unit of meaning or grammatical function.
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*The types of morpheme:
1-free morpheme:
+Are words that can stand alone as a single word in language.
2- Bound morpheme:
+Are those which can not normally stand alone but they should added another form so that all affixes (suffix or prefix) are bound morpheme.
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*Suffix:
+Is a word or apart of a word that added at the end of another word (form).
Dangerous_ carless
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*Prefix:
+Is a word or apart of a word that added at the beginning of another word (form).
Un - unhappy
Pre- requisition
Dis-disagree

Care - less - ness**
Stem- suffix - suffix
Free – bound - bound
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*The types of bound morpheme:-
1)Inflectional bound morpheme.
2) Derivational bound morpheme.

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*Inflectional bound morpheme:-
+They are not used to produce a new words (but) they show (indicate) the aspects (elements) of grammatical function.
+They are used to show if the word (singular or plural.. past or past participle ).

# Note: inflectional bound morpheme (never) change the grammatical category.
e.g :- (boy_ boys ) , (play_ played _ played ).
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*Derivational bound morpheme:-
+They are used to make anew words (form) in a language.
+They are used to make(introduce) new grammatical category.
e.g. :- teach(v) -> teacher (n).
care(n) -> careful (adj).
work(v) -> worker (n).
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Q- what is the difference between inflectional and derivational bound morphemes?!

+The difference between them that inflectional bound morpheme (never) change the grammatical category.
But derivational bound morpheme (can) change the grammatical category.
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1) Homophone:-
+They are words that read in the same way but spelt differently.
e.g :- (right_ write) , (meet_ meat) , (off_ of ).

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2)Homograph:-
+They are words that spelt in the same way but read differently.
e.g :- minute (time).
minute (details).

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-Some examples of affixes (prefix and suffix) :-

+Unhappy -> happy.
+Careful -> care.
+Ungrateful -> grate.
+Carelessness -> care.

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*Ungrateful :
+Un -> bound (prefix).
+grate -> free (stem).
+ful -> bound (suffix).


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Word

+ it is a genuine linguistic unit .
+ it is any segment ( part ) in the sentence .
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* the kinds of word :
1- simple words:
They are consists of a (free morpheme)-
Are words that can stand alone as a single word in a language.-
e.g.: girl – play – book

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2- complex words :
They are consists of two kinds :.
1- two pound forms e.g. unless – excluded
2- a pound and free forms e.g. : unhappy – disagree

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3- compound words :
They have free morphemes they are usually consists of two forms.
e.g. : outside – go back – green house

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:: comment ::
There are some compound words have three or four forms.

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Good luck